胜利孩子背地的怙恃都有这11个个性(双语)

　　1. They make their kids do chores.

　　1. 他们让孩子做家务。

　　”If kids aren't doing the dishes, it means someone else is doing that for them,” Julie Lythcott-Haims, former Dean of Freshmen at Stanford University and author of “How to Raise an Adult” said during a TED Talks Live event.

　　曾担任过斯坦福大学新生教务主任的朱莉·利思科特-海姆斯写了《如何将孩子抚育成人》一书，她在TED的直播中表现：“假如孩子不洗碗，这意味着其他人要帮他们洗。”

　　Lythcott-Haims believes kids raised on chores go on to become employees who collaborate well with their coworkers, are more empathetic because they know firsthand what struggling looks like, and are able to take on tasks independently.

　　利思科特-海姆斯以为从小被教导洗碗的孩子成人任务后，会和同事协作融洽，并更懂得以己推人。因为他们亲身体验过不情愿做事是怎样的，而且他们能自力实现任务。

　　2. They teach their kids social skills.

　　2. 他们教孩子交际技巧。

　　Researchers from Pennsylvania State University and Duke University tracked more than 700 children from across the US between kindergarten and age 25 and found a significant correlation between their social skills as kindergartners and their success as adults two decades later.

　　宾州州立大学和杜克大学的研究员们在美国各州抽样选取了700多名儿童，从他们的幼儿园时期一直跟踪考察至25岁。他们发明，这些孩子在幼儿园外在表现出的交际技巧与他们二十年后的胜利有着显著的关联。

　　The 20-year study showed that socially competent children who could cooperate with their peers without prompting, be helpful to others, understand their feelings, and resolve problems on their own, were far more likely to earn a college degree and have a full-time job by age 25 than those with limited social skills.

　　这项为期20年的考察标明，交际才能强的孩子无需敦促便能和同伴协作、帮助并理解他人、自力解决问题。到25岁的时候，相比于那些交际技巧有限的孩子，他们更有可能获得大学文凭、找到一份全职任务。

　　3. They have high expectations.

　　3. 他们对孩子期冀高。

　　Using data from a national survey of 6,600 children born in 2001, University of California at Los Angeles professor Neal Halfon and his colleagues discovered that the expectations parents hold for their kids have a huge effect on attainment.

　　加州大学洛杉矶分校的尼尔·哈尔丰教授和其同事在2001年对洛杉矶的6600名小孩做了一项考察，他们发明怙恃对孩子抱有的期冀会很大程度上影响到孩子获得的造诣。

　　This falls in line with another psych finding: the Pygmalion effect, which states “that what one person expects of another can come to serve as a self-fulfilling prophecy.”

　　这却暗合了另一项心理学发明——皮格马利翁效应。也就是一个人对另外一人的期冀最终能够影响到那个人，致使最初的预言实现。

　　4. They have healthy relationships with each other.

　　4. 他们彼此维系着良好的关联。

　　Some studies have found children in nonconflictual single parent families fare better than children in conflictual two-parent families. The conflict between parents prior to divorce also affects children negatively, while post-divorce conflict has a strong influence on children's adjustment.

　　一些考察已经标明，在没有抵触的单亲家庭成长出的孩子要比成长于抵触重重的双亲家庭的孩子更为胜利。双亲离异前的冲突也会对孩子有消极影响，而离婚后的抵触又会给孩子适应新的家庭关联造成强烈的干扰。

　　5. They've attained higher educational levels.

　　5. 他们的教导水平更高。

　　A 2014 study lead by University of Michigan psychologist Sandra Tang found that mothers who finished high school or college were more likely to raise kids that did the same.

　　2014年密西根大学的心理学家桑德拉·唐率领团队做了一项研究，结果发明实现高中或大学教导的母亲抚养出的孩子更有可能拥有同样的教导经历。

　　6. They teach their kids math early on.

　　6. 他们很早就教孩子数学。

　　A 2007 meta-analysis of 35,000 preschoolers across the US, Canada, and England found that developing math skills early can turn into a huge advantage. Mastery of early math skills predicts not only future math achievement, it also predicts future reading achievement.

　　2007年一项对美国、加拿大和英格兰35000名学前孩子的荟萃分析标明，早点培养孩子们的数学才能能够转变为他们的一大优势。对早期数学技巧的掌握不只能预示将来孩子的数学造诣，还能够影响他们以后的阅读才能。

　　7. They develop a relationship with their kids.

　　7. 他们都与孩子建立起一种关联。

　　A 2014 study of 243 people born into poverty found that children who received “sensitive caregiving” in their first three years not only did better in academic tests in childhood, but had healthier relationships and greater academic attainment in their 30s. This suggests that investments in early parent-child relationships may result in long-term returns that accumulate across individuals' lives.

　　一项2014年的研究考察了243名出生贫困的人，研究人员发明在头三年被怙恃细心照料的孩子不只在儿童时代的学术考试中外在表现更好，还会在他们30多岁时有更好的人际关联，获得更多的学术造诣。这标明在早期亲子关联上的投资也许能在孩子成年后渐渐带来长期的回报。

　　8. They're less stressed.

　　8. 他们都没多少压力。

　　Research shows that if your friend is happy, that brightness will infect you; if she's sad, that gloominess will transfer as well. This is called emotional contagion — the psychological phenomenon where people “catch” feelings from one another like they would a cold. So if a parent is exhausted or frustrated, that emotional state could transfer to the kids.

　　研究标明假如你的朋友心境愉快，那么好心境将沾染你；假如她觉得悲伤，同样那份忧郁会传递给你。这也被称为感情沾染，这是一种心理现象，人们会像得感冒一样被他人的情绪沾染。所以假如怙恃觉得疲惫或失望，那么他（她）的感情状况也会传染给孩子。

　　9. They value effort over avoiding failure.

　　9. 他们对孩子强调努力，而非逃避失败。

　　Over decades, children (and adults) think about success in one of the following two ways. On the one hand, a “fixed mindset” assumes that success is the affirmation of the inherent intelligence. Striving for success and avoiding failure at all costs become a way of maintaining the sense of being smart or skilled. A “growth mindset,” on the other hand, thrives on challenge and sees failure not as evidence of un-intelligence but as a heartening springboard for growth and for stretching our existing abilities.

　　在过去的几十年里，孩子和成人用以下两种方式中的一种看待胜利。一方面，“固定心态”以为，与生俱来的智慧确立了人们的胜利。努力胜利和尽一切可能避免失败则成了维持聪慧的感觉或技巧的方式之一。而另一方面是“发展心态”，以为兴盛源自挑战，并以为失败不是不聪慧的外在表现，反而是一块积极的跳板，促使你成长，锻炼我们的生存技巧。

　　10. The moms work.

　　10. 这些孩子都有退职母亲。

　　According to research out of Harvard Business School, there are significant benefits for children growing up with mothers who work outside the home.

　　根据哈佛商学院的一项考察，孩子同退职妈妈一同长大受益显著。

　　The study found daughters of working mothers went to school longer, were more likely to have a job in a supervisory role, and earned more money. The sons of working mothers also tended to pitch in more on household chores and childcare.

　　研究发明，有退职妈妈的女孩子上学时间更长，并且更有可能找到一份监督角色的任务，赚的薪水更多。而且有退职母亲的男孩子比妈妈是家庭主妇的男孩更倾向于参加各种活动。

　　11. They have a higher socioeconomic status.

　　11. 他们有更高的社会经济位置。

　　Tragically, one-fifth of American children grow up in poverty, a situation that severely limits their potential. According to Stanford University researcher Sean Reardon, socioeconomic status is what drives much of educational attainment and performance.

　　可悲的是，五分之一的美国孩子在贫穷中长大，这种情况严重限制了孩子们的潜能。据斯坦福大学的研究员肖恩·里尔登表现，社会经济位置能激励孩子们接受更高的教导，促进他们在学术上有更佳的外在表现。

　　(来源：沪江英语)

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